ALLDAQ cPCI, PCIe and PCI Serial Producs:
Digital-I/O, RS-232/422/485, Data Acquisition:Voltage Measurement and Amperage Measurement, Counter, Timer, FPGA Programming, Function, Pattern Generators
Applicos PXI Producs:
Analog IN/OUT, ARB / Frunction Generators, Digital I/O, Digitizer
Chroma PXI Producs:
PXI Chassis, PXI Extension, DC Power Supplies, Precision Source Measure Units, Digital IO
VX Instruments – the quality standard:
Waveform Digitizer / Scope, Waveform Generator, High Power SMU, Source & Measurement, Souce only, Measurement only
Adlink AD-cPCI-A3515/4700E/M8/S32: System Controller - CompactPCI Serial - 1-Slot - i7-4700EQ CPU - 8GB RAM DDR3L-1600 - 32GB SSD
Adlink AD-cPCI-A3515/5700E/M16/S32: System Controller - CompactPCI Serial - 1-Slot - i7-5700EQ CPU - 16GB RAM DDR3L-1333 - 32GB SSD
Adlink AD-cPCI-A3515B/4700E/M8: System Controller - CompactPCI Serial - 2-Slot - i7-4700EQ CPU - 8GB RAM DDR3L-1600
Adlink AD-cPCI-A3515B/5700E/M16: System Controller - CompactPCI Serial - 2-Slot - i7-5700EQ CPU - 16GB RAM DDR3L-1333
Adlink AD-cPCI-A3515D/4700E/M8: System Controller - CompactPCI Serial - 2-Slot - i7-4700EQ CPU - 8GB RAM DDR3L-1600
Adlink AD-cPCI-A3515D/5700E/M16: System Controller - CompactPCI Serial - 2-Slot - i7-5700EQ CPU - 16GB RAM DDR3L-1333
Adlink AD-PCIe-9814P: 4-CH 12-Bit 80 MS/s PCI Express Digitizer - with PLL Module
Adlink AD-PCIe-9834P: 4-CH 16-Bit 80 MS/s PCI Express Digitizer - with PLL Module
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-10-cPCI-Bundle, CompactPCI 16x Digital-I/O Card - Bundle with Cable and Terminal-Block
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-10-PCIe-Bundle, PCI-Express 16x Digital-I/O Card - Bundle with Cable and Terminal-Block
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-212-cPCI: CompactPCI 16x Multi-I/O-Card - Differential
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-215-cPCI, CompactPCI 16x Multi-I/O-Card- Differential (±50V)
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-23-cPCIs, CompactPCI-Serial 24/16x Digital-I/O Card
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-255-cPCI, Potential-Free 8-Channel Voltage Measurement Card, cPCI, 16bit A/D-Converter up to 250kS/s, 8 Digital-I/Os
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-255-PCIe, Potential-Free 8-Channel Voltage Measurement Card, PCIe, 16bit A/D-Converter up to 250kS/s, 8 Digital-I/Os
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-256-cPCI, Potential-Free 8-Channel Voltage Measurement Card, cPCI, 16bit A/D-Converter up to 2MS/s, 8 Digital-I/Os
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-256-PCIe, Potential-Free 8-Kanal Voltage Measurement Card, PCIe, 16bit A/D-Converter up to 2MS/s, 8 Digital-I/Os
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-258-cPCI, Potential-Free 8-Channel Voltage Measurement Card, cPCI, 18bit A/D-Converter up to 1,6MS/s, 8 Digital-I/Os
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-258-PCIe, Potential-Free 8-Channel Voltage Measurement Card, PCIe, 18bit A/D-Converter up to 1,6MS/s, 8 Digital-I/Os
ALLDAQ, AQ-ADQ-412-cPCI, 2-Channel Amperage Measurement Card for CompactPCI-Bus, µA up to 50A, High precision & Dynamic
Applicos AS-PA72: PXI Baseboard for PA72-Series Daughterboards (2 slots)
Applicos AS-PA72BPF Dual Differential Band Pass Filter (PA72 Daughter Board)
Applicos AS-PA72D14130 Digitizer - 14-bit - 130Msps (PA72 Daughter Board)
Applicos AS-PA72D16180A Digitizer - 16-bit - 180Msps - PA72 Daughter Board
Applicos AS-PA72-DIOS6016 Multifunctional programmable Digital I/O (PA72 Daughter Board)
Applicos AS-PA72-DIOS6100 Multifunctional programmable Digital I/O - Extended Version (PA72 Daughter Board)
Applicos AS-PA72e: PXIexpress Baseboard for PA72-Series Daughterboards (2 slots)
Applicos AS-PA72G14180 Arbitrary Waveform Generator -14-bit - 180Msps - PA72 Daughter Board
Applicos AS-PA72G16400 Arbitrary Waveform Generator - 16-bit - 400Msps - PA72 Daughter Board
Applicos AS-PD24222: PXI Digitizer - Dual Channel - 24-bit - 192ksps
Applicos AS-PG24192: PXI Arbitrary Waveform Generator - Dual Channel - 24-bit - 192ksps >
Applicos AS-PS48402: PXI Programmable Power Supply - Dual Channel
Chroma: CH-52102-1: PXI General Purpose Chassis - 14 Slots - 400 W Power Supply
Chroma: CH-52105-1: PXI General Purpose Chassis - 18 Slots - 800 W Power Supply
Chroma: CH-52912: PXI Power Supply - DC - Programmable - Hybrid Compatible - 2 Channels - (0~48VDC/2A/60W)
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-CalEasy: Calibration & Verification Software for MTS Instrumentation
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GC1300: Single Channel AWG, 125 MS/s, Waveform Sequencer PCI Card
Marvin Test Solutions MV-GCX2210: 225 MHz Measurement Time Interval Counter PCI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GC2220: 1.3 GHz Measurement Time Interval Counter PCI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GC2230: 2.0 GHz Measurement Time Interval Counter PCI Card
Marvin Test Solutions MV-GTX2210: 225 MHz Measurement Time Interval Counter PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GTX2220: 1.3 GHz Measurement Time Interval Counter PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GTX2230: 2.0 GHz Measurement Time Interval Counter PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1110: 100MS/s Single Channel DDS Function Generator/AWG PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1120: 250 MS/S, 2-Channel, Arbitrary Waveform Function Generator PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1164: Programmable Resistor PXI Board, 4 Channels 1 Ohm to 64 kOhm, 1 Ohm Resolution
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1164-0.25: Programmable Resistor PXI Board, 4 Channels 0.25 Ohm to 16 kOhm, 0.25 Ohm Resolution
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1164-0.5: Programmable Resistor PXI Board, 4 Channels 0.5 Ohm to 32 kOhm, 0.5 Ohm Resolution
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1164-2: Programmable Resistor PXI Board, 4 Channels 2 Ohm to 128 kOhm, 2 Ohm Resolution
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1164-4: Programmable Resistor PXI Board, 4 Channels 4 Ohm to 256 kOhm, 4 Ohm Resolution
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1164-8: Programmable Resistor PXI Board, 4 Channels 8 Ohm to 512 kOhm, 8 Ohm Resolution
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1200: Arbitrary Waveform Generator PXI Card, 50 MS/s, 14-bit with Waveform Sequencer
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1201: Arbitrary Waveform Generator PXI Card, 100 MS/s, 14-bit with Waveform Sequencer
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1649: Analog Output / Arbitrary Waveform Generator PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX1649-1: Analog Output / Arbitrary Waveform Generator PXI Card with Streaming
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX2065: Measurement 6½ Digit DMM / Digitizer PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX2472: Dual Channel Digitizer PXI Card, Differential Inputs, 14-bit, 70MS/s
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX2475: High Voltage Dual Channel Digitizer PXI Card, 14-bit
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX3216: 16-Bit Multi-Function cPCI Card with 16 Diff A/D Channels (1MS/s), 2 D/A Channels, 6 Digital I/O Channels
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX3232: 16-Bit Multi-Function cPCI Card with A/D, D/A and Digital I/O Channels
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX3232-60V: 16-Bit Multi-Function cPCI Card with A/D, D/A and Digital I/O Channels, 60V Inputs
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX3601: FPGA PXI Card with 80 Channel TTL Buffer Module
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX3609: FPGA PXI Card with 80 Channel Differential TTL Buffer Module
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX3610: FPGA PXI Card with 80 Channel mLVDS Buffer Module
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX3640: FPGA PXI Card with 40 Channel ECL Buffer Module
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX3700: FPGA PXI High-Performance Digital I/O Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX3700e: FPGA PXIe High-Performance Digital I/O Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX3702: FPGA PXI High-Performance Digital I/O Card with 7811/7813 Pin-Compatible Connectors
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX3788: High-Performance FPGA Multi-Function PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX5281: Dynamic Digital I/O PXI Card (3U), 32 Channels up to 50 MHz, 128MB On-Board Memory
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX5282: Dynamic Digital I/O PXI Card (3U), 32 Channels up to 100 MHz, 256MB On-Board memory, LVDS
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX5283: Dynamic Digital I/O PXI Card (3U), 32 Channels up to 200 MHz w/512MB On-Board Memory, w/LVDS
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX5291-100: Dynamic Digital I/O (3U), 32 ch. up to 100 MHz w/128MB On-Board Memory, 32-ch Domain
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX5291-50: Dynamic Digital I/O (3U), 32 ch. up to 50 MHz w/128MB On-Board Memory, 32-ch Domain
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX5292: Dynamic Digital I/O (3U), 32 ch., per Pin Control, up to 100 MHz w/256MB Memory & LVDS
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX5292e: PXIe Dynamic Digital I/O (3U), 32 ch., per Pin Control, up to 100 MHz w/256MB Memory & LVDS
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX5293: Dynamic Digital I/O (3U), 16 ch., per Pin Control, up to 200 MHz w/256MB Memory & LVDS
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX5295: Dynamic Digital I/O with Per Channel Programmable Logic Levels & PMU PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX5296: Dynamic Digital I/O with per Channel Timing, Programmable Logic Levels & PMU PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX5960: High Performance Dynamic Digital I/O PXI Subsystem Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6021: 20 Channel RF Multiplexer/Scanner PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6032: GENASYS Matrix Switch Rear Interface Module, 32 x 16
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6062: RF Multiplexer PXI Card, 12 Groups of 1 x 4, 200MHz Bandwidth
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6115: 3U PXI 15 Channel high-current relay card with 3 additional relay drivers
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6125: 3U General Purpose Switching PXI Card with 25 Channel Form-C (SPDT) Relays
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6138: 3U High Density Switching PXI Card with 38 Channel Form-A Relays
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6192: GENASYS High Frequency Multiplexer / Matrix Switch Card, 192 x 16 x 16
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6196: 96 Channel DPST Relay and Control PXI Carrier Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6256: GENASYS LF Multiplexer / Matrix Switch Card, 256 x 16 x 16
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6264-C: 128 Channel Scanner/Multiplexer PXI Card, Commercial Grade
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6264-I: 128 Channel Scanner/Multiplexer PXI Card, Industrial Grade
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6315: 6U PXI 45 Channel High-Current Relay Card with 9 Additional Relay Drivers
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6325: 6U PXI 75 Channel Form-C (SPDT) Relay card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6377: PXI Multifunction Switch Card. 5 Channels 10A, 8 Channels 2A, Two 2:16 Matrix
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6384-1: Configurable High-Density Switch Matrix PXI Card, Dual 32 x 2 or 64 x 2 Configuration (128 cross points), 3U
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6384-2: Configurable High-Density Switch Matrix PXI Card, Dual 32 x 4 or 64 x 4 Configuration (256 cross points), 3U
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6384-3: Configurable High-Density Switch Matrix PXI Card, Dual 32 x 6 or 64 x 6 Configuration (384 cross points), 3U
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6616: 6U High Density 6 x 2:16 Switch Matrix PXI Card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX6864: GENASYS 75 Ohm RF Multiplexer Switch Card, (4) 2 x 16 Multiplexers
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7000C: 20 Slot, 6U PXI Chassis with Built-In DVD-ROM, Hard Disk Drive
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7010C: 20 Slot, 6U PXI Chassis for use with PXI Remote Controllers
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7016: GENASYS Switching Subsystem with SCOUT 6U Receiver
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7017: GENASYS Switching / Digital Subsystem with SCOUT 6U Receiver
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7100B: 3U / 6U, 14 Slot Smart PXI Master Desktop Combo Chassis with DVD-ROM & Hard Disk Drive
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7110B: 6U/3U, 14 Slot Smart PXI Slave Desktop Combo Chassis for Use with PXI Remote Controllers
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7205: 21 Slot, 3U PXIe Master Chassis with 1600W system power supply
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7300: 20 Slot 3U PXI Master Desktop Chassis w/DVD-RW & Hard Disk Drive
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7305: 20 Slot 3U High Power/High Cooling PXI Master Chassis to Support High-Performance Digital Cards (GX5295 Family)
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7310: 20 Slot 3U PXI Slave Desktop Chassis for Use with PXI Remote Controllers
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7600: 9 Slot Smart 3U PXI Express Master Chassis w/DVD-RW & Hard Disk Drive
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7927-2534096: 6U Single-Slot 2.53 GHz i7 Controller with 4 GB of Memory, Includes PMC/XMC 2 Site, 2GE, VGA, USB & COM port (FP)
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7936-214096: 3U Single Slot Embedded Controller for GX73xx Chassis. 2.1 GHz i7 Core, 4 GB of RAM
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7936-SSD: 3U Single Slot Embedded Controller for GX73xx Chassis. 2.1 GHz i7 Core, 4 GB of RAM, 1TB SSD
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7937-234096: 3U Single Slot Embedded Controller for GX73xx chassis, 2.3 GHz i7 core, 4 GB of RAM
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-GX7944-2162048: 3U PXIe Single-Slot controller, 2.16GHz Core2Duo, 2GB RAM, 1GB/S System Bandwidth
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-MXI-4E-C: MXI-Express Kit, Copper, PXI to PCI, with 3m Cable ECCN EAR99
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-MXIe1-Express: MXI-Express Interface Kit (PCIe I/F Card, PXIe I/F Card, 3-Meter Cable). 192MB Throughput, includes 2-port PCIe card
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-TE6100: Dual Channel, 50MHz, 100MS/Sec DSO, Spectrum Analyzer, DVM and Transient Recorder
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-TS-710: Pre-Configured PXI System - GBATS Basic Functional Test Platform for basic analog / digital functional test applications
Marvin Test Solutions: MV-WaveEasy: Waveform development software package for GX1110/GX1120
Tabor TB-3180 High Voltage Amplifier - PXI - 1-Channel - 180V
Tabor TB-3222 Signal Amplifier - PXI - 1-Channel - 40V
Tabor TB-3322 Signal Amplifier - PCI - 1-Channel - 40V
Tabor TB-5200 Arbitrary Waveform Generator - PXI - 1-Channel - 50MS/s - 1M Memory
Tabor TB-5201 Arbitrary Waveform Generator - PXI - 1-Channel - 125MS/s - 2M Memory
Tabor TB-52392 Arbitrary Waveform Generator - PXIe - 2-Channel - 2.3GS/s - 16M Memory - PRELIMINARY
Tabor TB-5251 Arbitrary Waveform Generator - PXI - 1-Channel - 250MS/s - 2M Memory
Tabor TB-5300 Arbitrary Waveform Generator - PCI - 1-Channel - 125MS/s - 2M Memory
Tabor TB-5325 Arbitrary Waveform Generator - PCI - 1-Channel - 50MS/s - 1M Memory
Tabor TB-5351 Arbitrary Waveform Generator - PCI - 1-Channel - 250MS/s - 2M Memory
AMETEK VTI Instruments: VT-EMX-7510: PXI Express (PXIe) Digital Input/Output Module - 64-CH - Source/Sink - 60V max - Static I/O
AMETEK VTI Instruments: VT-EMX-7511: PXI Express (PXIe) Digital Input/Output Module - 64-CH - DIO TTL - Static I/O
AMETEK VTI Instruments: VT-EMX-7512: PXI Express (PXIe) Digital Input/Output Module - 64-CH - DIO LV TTL - Static I/O
AMETEK VTI Instruments: VT-EMX-7513: PXI Express (PXIe) Digital Input/Output Module - 32DI/32DO - Source/Sink - 60V max - Isolated Static I/O
AMETEK VTI Instruments: VT-EMX-7514: PXI Express (PXIe) Digital Input/Output Module - 64 DO - Source/Sink - 60V max - Isolated Static I/O
AMETEK VTI Instruments: VT-EMX-7515: PXI Express (PXIe) Digital Input/Output Module - 64 DI - 60V max - Isolated Static I/O
VTI Instruments: VT-EX1200-SMP4: 4-Slot Platform Carrier for High Density Switch Matrix Platform
VTI Instruments: VT-EX1208A: Switch Measure Unit - Mainframe - 16 Slot - 3U
VTI Instruments: VT-EX1214-ICA: Switch Measure Unit - Very High Density Mainframe - 14 Slot - 8U
VTI Instruments: VT-EX1262: Switch Measure Unit - Mainframe - 2 Slot - 6.5 digit DMM
VTI Instruments: VT-EX1266: Switch Measure Unit - Mainframe - 6 Slot - 6.5 digit DMM
AMETEK VTI Instruments: VT-EX1401: LXI Thermocouple and Voltage Measurement - 16 Channels - Isolated
VX Instruments VX-AXV7607-1500: High Voltage SMU - Range: -1500V ... +1500V
VX Instruments VX-PX7731: PXI Source Measurement Unit (SMU) with +/-10V, +/-1.00A
VX Instruments VX-PX7732: PXI Source Measurement Unit (SMU) with +/-20V, +/-0.50A
VX Instruments VX-PX7733: PXI Source Measurement Unit (SMU) with +/-30V, +/-0.40A
VX Instruments VX-PX7734: PXI Source Measurement Unit (SMU) with +/-40V, +/-0.25A
VX Instruments VX-PX7736: PXI Source Measurement Unit (SMU) with +/-60V, +/-0.20A
VX Instruments VX-PXA7221: PXI Arbitrary Function Generator - 100 MSa/s - 16Bit - 1 Channel - non floating
VX Instruments VX-PXA7222: PXI Arbitrary Function Generator - 100 MSa/s - 16Bit - 2 Channel - non floating
VX Instruments VX-PXA7223: PXI Arbitrary Function Generator - 100 MSa/s - 16Bit - 1 Channel - floating
VX Instruments VX-PXA7224: PXI Arbitrary Function Generator - 100 MSa/s - 16Bit - 2 Channel - floating
VX Instruments VX-PXA7231: PXI Arbitrary Function Generator - 150 MSa/s - 16Bit - 1 Channel - non floating
VX Instruments VX-PXA7232: PXI Arbitrary Function Generator - 150 MSa/s - 16Bit - 2 Channel - non floating
VX Instruments VX-PXA7233: PXI Arbitrary Function Generator - 150 MSa/s - 16Bit - 1 Channel - floating
VX Instruments VX-PXA7234: PXI Arbitrary Function Generator - 150 MSa/s - 16Bit - 2 Channel - floating
VX Instruments VX-PXA7321: PXI Arbitrary Current Generator - Source/Sink up to 30 mA - 100 MSa/s - 16Bit - 1 Channel - non floating
VX Instruments VX-PXA7322: PXI Arbitrary Current Generator - Source/Sink up to 30 mA - 100 MSa/s - 16Bit - 2 Channel - non floating
VX Instruments VX-PXA7323: PXI Arbitrary Current Generator - Source/Sink up to 30 mA - 100 MSa/s - 16Bit - 1 Channel - floating
VX Instruments VX-PXA7324: PXI Arbitrary Current Generator - Source/Sink up to 30 mA - 100 MSa/s - 16Bit - 2 Channel - floating
VX Instruments VX-PXD7113: PXI FlexRay Digitizer - 100 MSa/s - 16Bit - Fully isolated design
VX Instruments VX-PXD7211: Waveform Digitizer - 1 Channel - Non Floating Input
VX Instruments VX-PXD7212: Waveform Digitizer - 2 Channels - Non Floating Inputs
VX Instruments VX-PXD7214: Waveform Digitizer - 2 Channels - Floating Inputs
VX Instruments VX-PXD7313: High Voltage Waveform Digitizer - 1 Channel - Fully Isolated Design
VX Instruments VX-PXD8213: PXI High Performance Digitizer - 1GSa/s - 12bit - 1 Channel - up to 120Vpp - Floating Input
VX Instruments VX-PXD8214: PXI High Performance Digitizer - 1GSa/s - 12bit - 2 Channels - up to 120Vpp - Floating Inputs
VX Instruments VX-PXM7820: PXI Multi Measurement Device - 10 MSa/s - 16Bit - Ideal for Production Testing
PRELIMINARY - New in 2018
VX Instruments VX-PXM7822: PXI Multi Measurement Device - 40 MSa/s @ 16Bit - 1MSa/s @ 24 Bit - High Accuracy
PRELIMINARY - New in 2018
VX Instruments VX-PXM7824: PXI Multi Measurement Device - 1MSa/s @ 24 Bit - Ideal for Calibration
PRELIMINARY - New in 2018
VX Instruments VX-VX6620-10: cPCI System Power Supply - ±10V - ±1A - current source & sink
VX Instruments VX-VX6620-20: cPCI System Power Supply - ±20V - ±0.5A - current source & sink
VX Instruments VX-VX6620-40: cPCI System Power Supply - ±40V - ±0.25A - current source & sink
VX Instruments VX-VX6620-60: cPCI System Power Supply - ±60V - ±0.2A - current source & sink
Optical Instruments
